How to extract ChatGPT brand entities with LLM Scraper API
in
Since October 2025, ChatGPT search structures information about brands into separate brand entities in its responses. By structuring brand data into entities, ChatGPT can more accurately represent brands in its responses, distinguishing them from generic terms. Moreover, entity-based structure makes brand data retrieval straightforward, as this information is now clearly separated from the rest of the response.
Now, with the ChatGPT LLM Scraper, you can automatically extract brand insights from ChatGPT searches, without additional processing. The API structures brand entities detected in the ChatGPT responses into separate brand_entities arrays.
Each brand_entities array consists of brand entity objects. These objects come with the following data fields:
title– the name of the brand;category– category of the brand;markdown– representation of the entity name in the markdown markup language;urls– array of URLs and domains relevant to the brand.
The brand_entity arrays appear in the API response within the result array, chat_gpt_text, and chat_gpt_table elements.
In the chat_gpt_text and chat_gpt_table elements, the brand_entities array contains brands mentioned within the specific text element or a table. Respectively, in the result array, the brand_entities array lists all brands mentioned in the response.
Here are examples of ChatGPT text and table elements with brand entities, and respective API response snippets.
Example of a text with brand entities:
Example of a chat_gpt_text element with brand_entities array:
{
"type": "chat_gpt_text",
"rank_group": 1,
"rank_absolute": 1,
"markdown": "If you’re looking for the **best SEO tools** right now (2025), it really depends on what you need — keyword research, content optimization, technical audits, backlinks, site-health, etc. Below are some of the most recommended tools in different categories, along with what they do best. \n\n---\n\n## ✅ Top SEO Tools (All-Around & Specialty)\n\n### **All-in-One / Full-Suite Tools**\n- **SEMrush** — Often rated the most complete SEO platform: keyword research, competitor analysis, site audits, backlink tracking, content tools, and more. Great for agencies or serious marketers. [cybernews.com](https://cybernews.com/marketing-tools/best-seo-tools/?utm_source=chatgpt.com) \n- **Ahrefs** — Especially strong for backlink analysis, competitor research, keyword exploration, and tracking your ranking history. Excellent for content marketing and authority building. [www.forbes.com](https://www.forbes.com/advisor/business/software/best-seo-software/?utm_source=chatgpt.com) \n\n### **Smaller-Budget / Beginner-Friendly or Niche Tools**\n- **Moz Pro** — Easier to use and often recommended for small- to mid-sized websites. Good for on-page SEO, domain/page authority metrics, keyword research, and tracking basics. [www.forbes.com](https://www.forbes.com/advisor/business/software/best-seo-software/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[www.pushgroup.co.uk](https://www.pushgroup.co.uk/blog/top-9-seo-tools-in-2025?utm_source=chatgpt.com) \n- **SE Ranking** — Balanced tool for those who don’t need a massive enterprise-level suite — useful for rank tracking, audits and basic SEO needs. Often seen as a good value choice. [seohelpforum.com](https://seohelpforum.com/blog/which-seo-tool-wins-in-2025/?utm_source=chatgpt.com) \n\n### **Specialized / Niche Tools (Content SEO, Technical SEO, etc.)**\n- **Surfer SEO** — Focused on content optimization and SERP-analysis. Great when you want to tailor content to what’s ranking now. [www.marketermilk.com](https://www.marketermilk.com/blog/best-seo-tools?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[zapier.com](https://zapier.com/blog/best-seo-tools?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[www.techradar.com](https://www.techradar.com/news/best-seo-tool?utm_source=chatgpt.com) \n- **Screaming Frog SEO Spider** — A desktop crawler ideal for deep technical audits: finds broken links, crawl errors, duplicate content, and other structural SEO issues. Very useful for larger or more complex sites. [www.marketermilk.com](https://www.marketermilk.com/blog/best-seo-tools?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[zapier.com](https://zapier.com/blog/best-seo-tools?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[www.techradar.com](https://www.techradar.com/news/best-seo-tool?utm_source=chatgpt.com) \n\n### **Free / Entry-Level Tools (Lower Cost, Basic Needs)**\n- **Google Search Console** — Provided by Google; essential for indexing status, search appearance, coverage issues, and performance metrics. Naturally complimentary to any paid tool you use. [zapier.com](https://zapier.com/blog/best-seo-tools?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[www.marketermilk.com](https://www.marketermilk.com/blog/best-seo-tools?utm_source=chatgpt.com) \n- **Google Keyword Planner** — Useful for basic keyword volume and competition data (often used alongside paid tools or ad campaigns). [www.marketermilk.com](https://www.marketermilk.com/blog/best-seo-tools?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[backlinkhelper.com](https://backlinkhelper.com/post/12-best-seo-tools-for-2025-expert-reviews-and-comparisons?utm_source=chatgpt.com) \n\n---\n\n## 🎯 Which Tool for What — Based on Your Needs\n\n",
"sources": [
{
"type": "chat_gpt_source",
"title": "Best SEO Tools for 2025 – Ranked and Analysed",
"snippet": null,
"domain": "cybernews.com",
"url": "https://cybernews.com/marketing-tools/best-seo-tools/?utm_source=chatgpt.com",
"thumbnail": null,
"source_name": "Cybernews",
"publication_date": "2025-02-21 12:04:00 +00:00",
"markdown": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_source",
"title": "Best SEO Tools – Forbes Advisor",
"snippet": null,
"domain": "www.forbes.com",
"url": "https://www.forbes.com/advisor/business/software/best-seo-software/?utm_source=chatgpt.com",
"thumbnail": null,
"source_name": "Forbes",
"publication_date": null,
"markdown": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_source",
"title": "Best SEO Tools – Forbes Advisor",
"snippet": null,
"domain": "www.forbes.com",
"url": "https://www.forbes.com/advisor/business/software/best-seo-software/?utm_source=chatgpt.com",
"thumbnail": null,
"source_name": "Forbes",
"publication_date": null,
"markdown": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_source",
"title": "Top 9 SEO Tools in 2025 | AI Features, Pros & Cons and Pricing | PUSH Group",
"snippet": null,
"domain": "www.pushgroup.co.uk",
"url": "https://www.pushgroup.co.uk/blog/top-9-seo-tools-in-2025?utm_source=chatgpt.com",
"thumbnail": null,
"source_name": "Push Group",
"publication_date": null,
"markdown": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_source",
"title": "Which SEO Tool Wins in 2025? | SEO Help Forum",
"snippet": null,
"domain": "seohelpforum.com",
"url": "https://seohelpforum.com/blog/which-seo-tool-wins-in-2025/?utm_source=chatgpt.com",
"thumbnail": null,
"source_name": "SEO Help Forum",
"publication_date": null,
"markdown": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_source",
"title": "24 best SEO tools I'm using in 2025 (free + paid) | Marketer Milk",
"snippet": null,
"domain": "www.marketermilk.com",
"url": "https://www.marketermilk.com/blog/best-seo-tools?utm_source=chatgpt.com",
"thumbnail": null,
"source_name": "marketermilk.com",
"publication_date": null,
"markdown": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_source",
"title": "The 11 best SEO tools in 2025 | Zapier",
"snippet": null,
"domain": "zapier.com",
"url": "https://zapier.com/blog/best-seo-tools?utm_source=chatgpt.com",
"thumbnail": null,
"source_name": "Zapier",
"publication_date": null,
"markdown": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_source",
"title": "Best SEO tool of 2025 | TechRadar",
"snippet": null,
"domain": "www.techradar.com",
"url": "https://www.techradar.com/news/best-seo-tool?utm_source=chatgpt.com",
"thumbnail": null,
"source_name": "TechRadar",
"publication_date": "2024-10-24 10:27:35 +00:00",
"markdown": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_source",
"title": "24 best SEO tools I'm using in 2025 (free + paid) | Marketer Milk",
"snippet": null,
"domain": "www.marketermilk.com",
"url": "https://www.marketermilk.com/blog/best-seo-tools?utm_source=chatgpt.com",
"thumbnail": null,
"source_name": "marketermilk.com",
"publication_date": null,
"markdown": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_source",
"title": "The 11 best SEO tools in 2025 | Zapier",
"snippet": null,
"domain": "zapier.com",
"url": "https://zapier.com/blog/best-seo-tools?utm_source=chatgpt.com",
"thumbnail": null,
"source_name": "Zapier",
"publication_date": null,
"markdown": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_source",
"title": "Best SEO tool of 2025 | TechRadar",
"snippet": null,
"domain": "www.techradar.com",
"url": "https://www.techradar.com/news/best-seo-tool?utm_source=chatgpt.com",
"thumbnail": null,
"source_name": "TechRadar",
"publication_date": "2024-10-24 10:27:35 +00:00",
"markdown": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_source",
"title": "The 11 best SEO tools in 2025 | Zapier",
"snippet": null,
"domain": "zapier.com",
"url": "https://zapier.com/blog/best-seo-tools?utm_source=chatgpt.com",
"thumbnail": null,
"source_name": "Zapier",
"publication_date": null,
"markdown": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_source",
"title": "24 best SEO tools I'm using in 2025 (free + paid) | Marketer Milk",
"snippet": null,
"domain": "www.marketermilk.com",
"url": "https://www.marketermilk.com/blog/best-seo-tools?utm_source=chatgpt.com",
"thumbnail": null,
"source_name": "marketermilk.com",
"publication_date": null,
"markdown": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_source",
"title": "24 best SEO tools I'm using in 2025 (free + paid) | Marketer Milk",
"snippet": null,
"domain": "www.marketermilk.com",
"url": "https://www.marketermilk.com/blog/best-seo-tools?utm_source=chatgpt.com",
"thumbnail": null,
"source_name": "marketermilk.com",
"publication_date": null,
"markdown": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_source",
"title": "24 best SEO tools I'm using in 2025 (free + paid) | Marketer Milk",
"snippet": null,
"domain": "www.marketermilk.com",
"url": "https://www.marketermilk.com/blog/best-seo-tools?utm_source=chatgpt.com",
"thumbnail": null,
"source_name": "marketermilk.com",
"publication_date": null,
"markdown": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_source",
"title": "12 Best SEO Tools for 2025: Expert Reviews & Comparisons",
"snippet": null,
"domain": "backlinkhelper.com",
"url": "https://backlinkhelper.com/post/12-best-seo-tools-for-2025-expert-reviews-and-comparisons?utm_source=chatgpt.com",
"thumbnail": null,
"source_name": "BacklinkHelper",
"publication_date": null,
"markdown": null
}
],
"brand_entities": [
{
"type": "chat_gpt_brand_entity",
"title": "SEMrush",
"category": "software",
"markdown": "SEMrush",
"urls": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_brand_entity",
"title": "Ahrefs",
"category": "software",
"markdown": "Ahrefs",
"urls": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_brand_entity",
"title": "Moz Pro",
"category": "software",
"markdown": "Moz Pro",
"urls": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_brand_entity",
"title": "SE Ranking",
"category": "software",
"markdown": "SE Ranking",
"urls": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_brand_entity",
"title": "Surfer SEO",
"category": "software",
"markdown": "Surfer SEO",
"urls": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_brand_entity",
"title": "Screaming Frog SEO Spider",
"category": "software",
"markdown": "Screaming Frog SEO Spider",
"urls": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_brand_entity",
"title": "Google Search Console",
"category": "software",
"markdown": "Google Search Console",
"urls": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_brand_entity",
"title": "Google Keyword Planner",
"category": "software",
"markdown": "Google Keyword Planner",
"urls": null
}
]
}
Example of a table with brand entities:
Example of a chat_gpt_table element with brand_entities array:
{
"type": "chat_gpt_table",
"rank_group": 1,
"rank_absolute": 2,
"text": null,
"markdown": "| Tool | Best for / Use-case | Key Strengths / Features | Notes (Pricing / Limitations) |\n|---|---|---|---|\n| **SEMrush** | All-around SEO, content + technical + competitive SEO | Keyword research, competitor analysis, backlink data, site audit, rank tracking, content marketing tools, PPC / marketing overlap [www.bestdevops.com](https://www.bestdevops.com/top-10-seo-tools-tools-in-2025-features-pros-cons-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[marketingadvice.ai](https://marketingadvice.ai/best-seo-tools-2025-top-10-seo-software-compared-and-reviewed/?utm_source=chatgpt.com) | Premium — starting from ~ $129–140 / month [www.bestdevops.com](https://www.bestdevops.com/top-10-seo-tools-tools-in-2025-features-pros-cons-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[marketingadvice.ai](https://marketingadvice.ai/best-seo-tools-2025-top-10-seo-software-compared-and-reviewed/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[www.cotocus.com](https://www.cotocus.com/blog/top-10-seo-tools-in-2025-features-pros-cons-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[firstpagesage.com](https://firstpagesage.com/seo-blog/top-seo-tools-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com) |\n| **Ahrefs** | Backlink & competitor research + content strategy | Massive backlink index, strong keyword explorer, site audit, competitor insights, content gap analysis [www.bestdevops.com](https://www.bestdevops.com/top-10-seo-tools-tools-in-2025-features-pros-cons-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com) | Paid; among the pricier/top-tier tools for serious SEO work [www.bestdevops.com](https://www.bestdevops.com/top-10-seo-tools-tools-in-2025-features-pros-cons-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[marketingadvice.ai](https://marketingadvice.ai/best-seo-tools-2025-top-10-seo-software-compared-and-reviewed/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[www.cotocus.com](https://www.cotocus.com/blog/top-10-seo-tools-in-2025-features-pros-cons-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[firstpagesage.com](https://firstpagesage.com/seo-blog/top-seo-tools-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com) |\n| **Moz Pro** | Small-to-mid businesses, on-page & on-site SEO, easier learning curve | Keyword research, on-page optimization suggestions, site crawl diagnostics, backlink / DA analysis, rank tracking [www.cotocus.com](https://www.cotocus.com/blog/top-10-seo-tools-in-2025-features-pros-cons-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com) | More affordable than some heavy-duty suites — reasonable for smaller teams [www.bestdevops.com](https://www.bestdevops.com/top-10-seo-tools-tools-in-2025-features-pros-cons-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[www.cotocus.com](https://www.cotocus.com/blog/top-10-seo-tools-in-2025-features-pros-cons-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[seobff.ai](https://seobff.ai/blog/best-seo-tools/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[marketingadvice.ai](https://marketingadvice.ai/best-seo-tools-2025-top-10-seo-software-compared-and-reviewed/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[firstpagesage.com](https://firstpagesage.com/seo-blog/top-seo-tools-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com) |\n| **Surfer SEO** | Content creators, bloggers — content optimization | Content / SERP-based content editor, keyword research for content, helps align content to ranking pages [www.cotocus.com](https://www.cotocus.com/blog/top-10-seo-tools-in-2025-features-pros-cons-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com) | Less emphasis on technical SEO or deep backlink analysis [www.cotocus.com](https://www.cotocus.com/blog/top-10-seo-tools-in-2025-features-pros-cons-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[seobff.ai](https://seobff.ai/blog/best-seo-tools/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[firstpagesage.com](https://firstpagesage.com/seo-blog/top-seo-tools-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com) |\n| **Screaming Frog SEO Spider** | Technical SEO / in-depth site audits / large websites | Desktop crawler, finds broken links, duplicate content, metadata issues, sitemap/XML generation, JS-rendering support — great for deep audits [www.cotocus.com](https://www.cotocus.com/blog/top-10-seo-tools-in-2025-features-pros-cons-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com) | Free version limited; paid license (or yearly fee) for full use — and more technical expertise needed [www.bestdevops.com](https://www.bestdevops.com/top-10-seo-tools-tools-in-2025-features-pros-cons-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[www.cotocus.com](https://www.cotocus.com/blog/top-10-seo-tools-in-2025-features-pros-cons-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[seobff.ai](https://seobff.ai/blog/best-seo-tools/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[marketingadvice.ai](https://marketingadvice.ai/best-seo-tools-2025-top-10-seo-software-compared-and-reviewed/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[firstpagesage.com](https://firstpagesage.com/seo-blog/top-seo-tools-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com) |\n| **SE Ranking** | Small businesses, freelancers, local SEO & rank-tracking | Rank tracking, site audits, backlink checker, white-label reports (useful for agencies) [www.cotocus.com](https://www.cotocus.com/blog/top-10-seo-tools-in-2025-features-pros-cons-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[seobff.ai](https://seobff.ai/blog/best-seo-tools/?utm_source=chatgpt.com) | Generally more budget-friendly than “top-tier” platforms [seobff.ai](https://seobff.ai/blog/best-seo-tools/?utm_source=chatgpt.com) |\n| **Ubersuggest** | Beginners, small websites, tight budgets | Keyword research, basic site audit, content ideas/backlink suggestions — decent entry-level SEO functionality [marketingadvice.ai](https://marketingadvice.ai/best-seo-tools-2025-top-10-seo-software-compared-and-reviewed/?utm_source=chatgpt.com) | Less powerful than premium tools; backlink data and large-scale features are limited [www.bestdevops.com](https://www.bestdevops.com/top-10-seo-tools-tools-in-2025-features-pros-cons-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[www.cotocus.com](https://www.cotocus.com/blog/top-10-seo-tools-in-2025-features-pros-cons-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[seobff.ai](https://seobff.ai/blog/best-seo-tools/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[marketingadvice.ai](https://marketingadvice.ai/best-seo-tools-2025-top-10-seo-software-compared-and-reviewed/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[firstpagesage.com](https://firstpagesage.com/seo-blog/top-seo-tools-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com) |\n| **Google Search Console** + Google Analytics | Free foundational SEO / site-health & performance tracking | Indexing & coverage data, performance metrics, user behavior / traffic analytics — essential for monitoring real performance [firstpagesage.com](https://firstpagesage.com/seo-blog/top-seo-tools-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com) | Not a full “suite”: lacks competitor/backlink analysis or keyword research — best used alongside other tools [www.bestdevops.com](https://www.bestdevops.com/top-10-seo-tools-tools-in-2025-features-pros-cons-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[marketingadvice.ai](https://marketingadvice.ai/best-seo-tools-2025-top-10-seo-software-compared-and-reviewed/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[www.cotocus.com](https://www.cotocus.com/blog/top-10-seo-tools-in-2025-features-pros-cons-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[firstpagesage.com](https://firstpagesage.com/seo-blog/top-seo-tools-comparison/?utm_source=chatgpt.com) |\n\n",
"table": {
"table_header": [
"Tool",
"Best for / Use-case",
"Key Strengths / Features",
"Notes (Pricing / Limitations)"
],
"table_content": [
[
"**SEMrush**",
"All-around SEO, content + technical + competitive SEO",
"Keyword research, competitor analysis, backlink data, site audit, rank tracking, content marketing tools, PPC / marketing overlap",
"Premium — starting from ~ $129–140 / month"
],
[
"**Ahrefs**",
"Backlink & competitor research + content strategy",
"Massive backlink index, strong keyword explorer, site audit, competitor insights, content gap analysis",
"Paid; among the pricier/top-tier tools for serious SEO work"
],
[
"**Moz Pro**",
"Small-to-mid businesses, on-page & on-site SEO, easier learning curve",
"Keyword research, on-page optimization suggestions, site crawl diagnostics, backlink / DA analysis, rank tracking",
"More affordable than some heavy-duty suites — reasonable for smaller teams"
],
[
"**Surfer SEO**",
"Content creators, bloggers — content optimization",
"Content / SERP-based content editor, keyword research for content, helps align content to ranking pages",
"Less emphasis on technical SEO or deep backlink analysis"
],
[
"**Screaming Frog SEO Spider**",
"Technical SEO / in-depth site audits / large websites",
"Desktop crawler, finds broken links, duplicate content, metadata issues, sitemap/XML generation, JS-rendering support — great for deep audits",
"Free version limited; paid license (or yearly fee) for full use — and more technical expertise needed"
],
[
"**SE Ranking**",
"Small businesses, freelancers, local SEO & rank-tracking",
"Rank tracking, site audits, backlink checker, white-label reports (useful for agencies)",
"Generally more budget-friendly than “top-tier” platforms"
],
[
"**Ubersuggest**",
"Beginners, small websites, tight budgets",
"Keyword research, basic site audit, content ideas/backlink suggestions — decent entry-level SEO functionality",
"Less powerful than premium tools; backlink data and large-scale features are limited"
],
[
"**Google Search Console** + Google Analytics",
"Free foundational SEO / site-health & performance tracking",
"Indexing & coverage data, performance metrics, user behavior / traffic analytics — essential for monitoring real performance",
"Not a full “suite”: lacks competitor/backlink analysis or keyword research — best used alongside other tools"
]
]
},
"brand_entities": [
{
"type": "chat_gpt_brand_entity",
"title": "SEMrush",
"category": "software",
"markdown": "SEMrush",
"urls": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_brand_entity",
"title": "Ahrefs",
"category": "software",
"markdown": "Ahrefs",
"urls": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_brand_entity",
"title": "Moz Pro",
"category": "software",
"markdown": "Moz Pro",
"urls": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_brand_entity",
"title": "Surfer SEO",
"category": "software",
"markdown": "Surfer SEO",
"urls": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_brand_entity",
"title": "Screaming Frog SEO Spider",
"category": "software",
"markdown": "Screaming Frog SEO Spider",
"urls": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_brand_entity",
"title": "SE Ranking",
"category": "software",
"markdown": "SE Ranking",
"urls": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_brand_entity",
"title": "Ubersuggest",
"category": "software",
"markdown": "Ubersuggest",
"urls": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_brand_entity",
"title": "Google Search Console",
"category": "software",
"markdown": "Google Search Console",
"urls": null
},
{
"type": "chat_gpt_brand_entity",
"title": "Google Analytics",
"category": "software",
"markdown": "Google Analytics",
"urls": null
}
]
}
As you can see, the brand_entities array in each element contains structured information about the mentioned brands.
Overall, this feature eliminates the need to manually extract brand information from the text bodies or table content of ChatGPT responses, significantly streamlining data analysis.
How can you use brand entities data?
The brand entities data expands the capabilities of AI optimization workflows. For example, you can:
➤ Identify influential brands in your niche that frequently appear in ChatGPT responses;
➤ Precisely track your brand visibility in responses by different target queries;
➤ Analyze brand categorization to see how ChatGPT classifies your brand versus competitors;
➤ Identify content gaps where your brand should appear but doesn’t.
With access to brand entities data, the ChatGPT LLM Scraper becomes an even more powerful data solution for GEO strategies and tool development.